Population and Demographics
North Hilo is the least populous district on Hawai'i Island with approximately 2,000 residents according to the 2020 Census. The population has remained relatively stable over the past two decades, with minimal growth. The district's small population is distributed across several rural communities including Laupāhoehoe, Ninole, and Pa'auilo. The demographic composition includes significant Native Hawaiian, Japanese, and Filipino populations, many with generational ties to the former plantation communities. North Hilo has a higher percentage of older residents compared to the island average, with limited population growth partly due to fewer economic opportunities and housing development compared to other districts. The rural character and limited population density contribute to the district's strong agricultural identity and connection to traditional land use practices.
Geography and Climate
The North Hilo District spans approximately 230 square miles along the northeastern coast of Hawai'i Island, between South Hilo and Hāmākua districts. The landscape is characterized by deep gulches, streams, and waterfalls carved into the slopes of Mauna Kea. Annual rainfall ranges from 75-200 inches, decreasing somewhat from south to north. The district rises from sea level to approximately 6,000 feet in elevation, creating distinct ecological and agricultural zones.
Agricultural Profile
North Hilo’s agricultural history is deeply connected to the sugar industry, which dominated the landscape until the late 20th century. Following the closure of sugar plantations, the district has transitioned to diversified agriculture:
Cattle Ranching: Upper elevation lands have increasingly been converted to pasture for grass-fed beef production.
Timber: The district contains significant timber resources, including managed forests of non-native eucalyptus and native koa.
Diversified Crops: Small to medium-sized farms produce tropical fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops like tea and coffee at higher elevations.
Honey Production: The district’s diverse flowering plants support apiaries producing specialty honeys.
Much of North Hilo’s agricultural land is owned by large landholders, including Kamehameha Schools and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, which lease parcels to agricultural producers. The transition from plantation agriculture has presented challenges, but also opportunities for innovative agricultural enterprises.
Food System and Cultural Context
North Hilo’s small rural communities maintain strong connections to traditional food systems. The district has a significant Native Hawaiian population, particularly in communities like Laupāhoehoe and Ninole, where traditional subsistence practices like fishing, hunting, and gathering continue alongside small-scale farming. Several community-based initiatives focus on restoring traditional agricultural systems and food sovereignty. The district’s rural character and relatively small population mean that most commercial food production is transported to Hilo or other population centers for distribution. However, farm stands and small markets in communities like Laupāhoehoe provide direct-to-consumer sales opportunities. Educational programs at Laupāhoehoe Community Public Charter School include agricultural components that connect students to the district’s food production heritage.