Population and Demographics
North Kohala has a population of approximately 6,500 residents according to the 2020 Census. The population has grown by about 15% since 2000, with much of this growth occurring in the last decade. The primary population centers are the towns of Hāwī and Kapa’au, which together account for roughly half of the district's residents, with the remainder living in smaller communities and rural areas. The district has a diverse demographic composition, with significant Native Hawaiian, Japanese, Filipino, and Caucasian populations. North Kohala has a strong multi-generational local population with deep ties to the region, as well as a growing number of newcomers and part-time residents attracted by the area's rural character, cultural heritage, and natural beauty. The district has experienced a demographic shift in recent years, with an increase in both retirees and young families seeking a rural lifestyle, contributing to a community-led emphasis on sustainable development and agricultural revitalization.
Geography and Climate
The North Kohala District occupies the northernmost tip of Hawai’i Island, covering approximately 120 square miles. The extinct Kohala Mountain (elevation 5,480 feet) dominates the district, which creates a significant rain shadow effect. The windward (eastern) side receives 60-120 inches of rainfall annually, while the leeward (western) side averages just 20-40 inches. The northern coastline features steep cliffs and valleys, while the southern boundary transitions to the more arid North Kona climate zone.
Agricultural Profile
North Kohala represents one of Hawai’i’s most historically significant agricultural regions, with evidence of extensive pre-contact Hawaiian farming systems dating back centuries. The district’s current agricultural landscape includes:
Diversified Farming: Small to medium-sized farms produce various crops including vegetables, tropical fruits, and flowers.
Livestock Production: Cattle ranching dominates some areas, with increasing interest in smaller-scale animal husbandry including goats, sheep, pigs, and poultry.
Taro and Traditional Crops: Restoration of traditional Hawaiian crop systems, particularly in the Pololū and Honokane valleys.
Specialty Products: The district produces award-winning honey, coffee, chocolate, and value-added products.
The Kohala Farm Center provides agricultural infrastructure including a certified kitchen and processing facilities. Several agricultural water systems, originally developed for sugar production, continue to provide irrigation for diversified agriculture, though aging infrastructure presents ongoing challenges.
Food System and Cultural Context
North Kohala maintains a strong connection to its agricultural heritage, particularly its significance in Hawaiian history as the birthplace of King Kamehameha I. The district’s food system is characterized by a high degree of community engagement and a focus on sustainability and self-sufficiency. The weekly Hāwī Farmers Market serves as an important food distribution point and community gathering place. The Kohala Food Hub provides aggregation, processing, and distribution services connecting local producers with markets. Community organizations like the North Kohala Community Resource Center support numerous food system initiatives, including farm-to-school programs and agricultural education.
North Kohala’s cultural landscape is strongly influenced by its Native Hawaiian heritage, with ongoing efforts to restore traditional agricultural systems and food practices. The Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail preserves ancient coastal pathways that connected traditional agricultural areas. The district’s agricultural identity is also shaped by its plantation history, which brought Portuguese, Japanese, Filipino, and other ethnic communities whose culinary traditions continue to influence the local food culture.