Population and Demographics
According to the 2020 Census data, the Puna District has a population of approximately 45,000 residents, making it the second most populous district on Hawai’i Island, following South Hilo. The population has grown significantly in recent decades, increasing by nearly 40% from 2000 to 2020. Puna is known for its diverse population, which includes significant Native Hawaiian, Filipino, Japanese, Pacific Islander, and Caucasian communities. The lower housing costs compared to other parts of the island have attracted many new residents, resulting in a blend of multi-generational local families and more recent arrivals. The population is spread across several small communities, including Kea’au, Pāhoa, Hawaiian Paradise Park, and Leilani Estates, with no single dominant urban center.
Geography and Climate
The Puna District covers approximately 500 square miles on the eastern side of Hawai’i Island. Characterized by its lush rainforest environment, Puna receives abundant rainfall, averaging 100-200 inches annually. The district stretches from sea level to approximately 4,000 feet in elevation, featuring young volcanic landscapes due to its proximity to Kilauea volcano. The eastern coastline consists of dramatic sea cliffs and black sand beaches, while inland areas feature dense tropical vegetation.
Agricultural Profile
Puna has historically been one of Hawai’i Island's most productive agricultural regions. The district’s volcanic soil, though young, becomes remarkably fertile. Key agricultural activities include:
Tropical Fruit Production: Puna leads the state in papaya production, accounting for approximately 90% of Hawai’I’s commercial papaya crop. Other significant fruit crops include banana, lychee, rambutan, and breadfruit.
Flower and Foliage Industry: The district is known for its ornamental plant production, including orchids, anthuriums, and tropical foliage for export.
Specialty Crops: Cacao, coffee, and various spices like vanilla and black pepper have seen increased cultivation in recent years.
Diversified Agriculture: Numerous small farms produce vegetables, taro, and other traditional Hawaiian crops.
The 2018 volcanic eruption significantly impacted agricultural production in Lower Puna, destroying roughly 200 farms and over 900 acres of productive agricultural land.
Food System and Cultural Context
Puna’s food system reflects its diverse population and agricultural heritage. The district has a strong tradition of subsistence farming and gathering, with many residents maintaining home gardens. Several farming communities, including Hawaiian Acres, Fern Acres, and Orchidland, were established specifically as agricultural subdivisions. Traditional Hawaiian agricultural practices persist, particularly in areas like Kalapana, where residents maintain cultural connections to the land despite volcanic activity. The district hosts several farmers markets, including the popular Maku'u Farmers Market, which serves as both a food hub and cultural gathering place.