Population and Demographics
South Hilo is the most populous district on Hawai’i Island with approximately 53,000 residents according to the 2020 Census. Hilo town serves as the county seat and the island's major population center with roughly 44,000 people residing in the greater Hilo area. The district has experienced modest population growth of about 6% between 2000 and 2020. South Hilo has a diverse ethnic composition reflecting multiple waves of immigration throughout Hawai'i's history, with significant Japanese, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese, and Caucasian communities. The district has a higher percentage of older residents compared to the island as a whole, with approximately 20% of residents over age 65. The population is primarily concentrated in and around Hilo town, with smaller communities in outlying areas such as Waiākea, Keaukaha, and Pana’ewa.
Geography and Climate
The South Hilo District encompasses approximately 400 square miles on the eastern windward coast of Hawai'i Island. The district includes Hilo town, the county seat and largest population center on the island. South Hilo experiences high annual rainfall (averaging 130-200 inches), creating a lush landscape. The district rises from sea level at Hilo Bay to the upper slopes of Mauna Kea.
Agricultural Profile
South Hilo’s agricultural landscape is shaped by its history as a sugar production center. Following the decline of the sugar industry in the late 20th century, agricultural land use has diversified significantly:
Commercial Nurseries: The district is a major producer of ornamental plants, tropical flowers, and foliage for both local and export markets.
Tropical Fruit: Commercial production includes bananas, lemons, lychee, longan, and other tropical fruits suited to the wet environment.
Vegetables and Root Crops: Numerous small farms produce leafy greens, taro, sweet potatoes, and other vegetables for local markets.
Research and Development: The University of Hawai'i at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management maintains research facilities and demonstration farms in the district.
Several agricultural parks, including the Pana’ewa Agricultural Park, provide infrastructure for commercial farming operations. The district’s abundant water resources and established agricultural infrastructure offer opportunities for expanded food production.
Food System and Cultural Context
As the commercial center of Hawai’i Island, Hilo serves as a hub for food distribution and processing. The Hilo Farmers Market operates twice weekly and is one of the largest in the state, featuring products from across the island. The district hosts several food processing facilities, including the local food hubs, which provides commercial kitchen space and processing equipment for value-added product development.
Traditional Hawaiian agricultural systems are being revitalized in areas like Waiākea and Pi'ihonua, where lo'i kalo (taro patches) and other indigenous cropping systems are being restored. The district's Japanese, Filipino, and other immigrant communities have also contributed significantly to the agricultural traditions of the area, introducing crops and farming techniques that have become integral to the local food system.
The University of Hawai’i at Hilo and Hawai’i Community College provide agricultural education and workforce development programs that support the district's food system. Community organizations like community development organizations work to strengthen connections between producers and consumers while preserving agricultural land.